Raptor RDF Syntax Library - Release Notes Raptor2 2.0.16 changes. Added a serializer for the mKR (my Knowledge Representation) language with the name mkr Other changes. The make utility automatically determines which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issues commands to recompile them. This manual describes GNU make, which was implemented by Richard. Gmsh is “free software”; this means that everyone is free to use it and to redistribute it on a free basis. Gmsh is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its. JFlex is a lexical analyser generator for Java 1 written in Java. It is also a rewrite of the tool JLex (Berk 1996) which was developed by Elliot Berk at Princeton University. As Vern Paxson states for his C/C++.
The GNU Awk User’s Guide. The GNU Awk User’s Guide. General Introduction.
This file documents awk, a program that you can use to select. We were introduced. AWK. I was working at a new job and noticed an unplugged. Unix computer sitting in the corner. Kernighan, and. Peter J. Weinberger’s The AWK Programming Language (Addison- Wesley. Often, the interpreted performance is adequate.
- This Index allows you to access the IIUG Software Repository and other Informix-related archives on the Net. Many entries have both a Download link and a View link. In most cases, the View link will display a web-viewable.
- Static SQL is a PL/SQL feature that allows SQL syntax directly in a PL/SQL statement. This chapter describes static SQL and explains how to use it. Description of Static SQL.
- In this case we're showing an integer array named I with five elements; i.e. There are three steps to creating an array, declaring it, allocating it.
AWK prototype becomes the product. A few minutes poring. Our computers are much faster and have more memory. Weinberger, and Brian W.
This version became available as. Full details are. Language History. Code fragments. appear in the same font and quoted, . Stallman, the author of the original.
Emacs editor. All. Stallman, for his vision of a. FSF and starting the. GNU Project. Beebe.
Dr. Michael Brennan. Claire Cloutier. Christopher (“Topher”) Eliot. Jeffrey Friedl. Dr. Darrel Hankerson. Michal Jaegermann. Michael Lijewski. Miriam Robbins. Chuck Toporek.
Chassell provided much valuable advice on. Texinfo. Bert and Rita Schreiber of Detroit for large amounts of quiet vacation. Web page and on gawk itself. Nelson Beebe. Andreas Buening. Dr. Manuel Collado. Antonio Colombo. Stephen Davies.
Daniel Richard G.. Darrel Hankerson. Michal Jaegermann. J. See Contributors for the full list. Day, Michael Brennan, and Brian Kernighan kindly acted as.
Web page. Their feedback. It has also. been extremely humbling.. I must thank my wonderful wife, Miriam, for her patience through. We recommend putting this command into your personal.
This means that the. The operating system.
The. awk language ignores the rest of a line following a number sign. The shell interprets the quote as the closing. As a result, usually the shell. In the shell, it can be written using single. Although the null string has.
For example, consider this command. Here, the echo utility receives a single argument, even. In the rest of this. Web page, we use the terms null string and empty string. Its output looks like this. Nov 7 1. 3: 0. 5 Makefile.
Nov 7 1. 3: 0. 3 awk. Apr 1. 3 1. 2: 1. Jun 1. 5 1. 2: 2. Nov 7 1. 3: 0. 3 awk. Nov 7 1. 3: 0. 3 awk. Dec 9 1. 3: 0. 7 awk. Nov 7 1. 3: 0. 3 awk.
The first field contains read- write permissions, the second field contains. For example, they may not allow you to.
To illustrate. % awk 'BEGIN ? As soon as awk sees the . For example. $ gawk 'BEGIN . However, the backslash- newline combination is never even. Thus, the. BEGIN is noted as a syntax error.
They are described. Built- in Variables and in. Built- in. This can often involve. This option is an easy way to tell gawk. Hands off my data!”. Specify compatibility mode, in which the GNU extensions to. BWK awk. Extensions.
As. awk programs are usually short, doing so is not burdensome. This option has no effect. GNU MPFR and MP libraries. Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic).
If - -lint is supplied on the command line. POSIX mode because of POSIXLY. This provides access to the actual search. This provides access to the actual search. Those in the following. GAWK. On systems that do not support. The variables are.
AWKBUFSIZEThis variable only affects gawk on POSIX- compliant systems. Otherwise. the value should be a number, and gawk uses that number as. This exists. for debugging problems on filesystems on non- POSIX operating systems. I/O is performed in records, not in blocks. This is passed to the bindtextdomain(). This can cause gawk.
Its purpose is to help isolate differences between the. These files can be used just like function libraries.
AWKPATH. environment variable. Here is the test. BEGIN . For example. The AWKPATH environment variable can be of great.
The same rules for the use. AWKPATH variable in command- line file searches. AWKPATH Variable) apply to. Of course. you can keep library files in more than one directory.
Use the exit statement from within. Unless noted otherwise, all these escape.
A literal backslash, . There should be. two backslashes in the string: . This happens very early.
Thus. /a\5. 2b/ is equivalent to /a\*b/. Other versions of awk. NUL character. If the text. Octal and hexadecimal. However, you. can simulate such a construct using . They can also have several characters that are equivalent for.
The name is enclosed between. This is also true of . But when doing. text matching and substitutions with the match(), sub(), gsub(). The answer has to do with escape sequences, and particularly.
Using regexp constants makes your programs. Think of it as shorthand for. Brat\B/ matches .
However. that conflicts with the awk language’s definition of . The current. method of using . The GNU operators. This character set is a superset of the traditional 1. ASCII characters, which also provides a number of characters suitable. European languages. The value of IGNORECASE has no effect if gawk is in.
Options). The moral is: Know Your Data. Most other versions of awk. Reaching the end of an input file terminates the current input record.
RS. It means that records are separated. However, when RS is a. RT contains. the actual input text that matched the regular expression. The final value of.
RT is a newline. However, this is a special case. NUL characters in strings.
Use it. when you are not interested in specific fields. Smith, 2. 9 Oak St., Walamazoo, MI 4. Smith, LXIX, 2. 9 Oak St., Walamazoo, MI 4. The same program would extract .
Or is each field separator a new string? For example. $ echo 'xx. AA xx. Bxx C' . The latter.
The following example illustrates the difference. In other. words, FS defines what a field is not, instead of what a field. Many spreadsheet programs. If. commas only separated the data, there wouldn’t be an issue. The problem comes when.
This regexp matches the newline. In the first case, leading newlines in the input. Leading and trailing newlines in a file are ignored. However, the record it reads is split into fields in. NF. They are discussed here only because.
Because an unredirected getline. FILENAME. Normally. FILENAME does not have a value inside BEGIN rules, because you. This can be done. PROCINFO array (see Auto- set).
PROCINFO. In the following example. PROCINFO. It is possible that. Because of this, changing the value. This is a limitation, and it also. But bear in mind that there are other ways.
Assigning to a field with a number. NF creates the field and rebuilds the record, using. OFS to separate the fields.
Decrementing NF throws away fields and rebuilds the record. However, with two exceptions. This is why the printf statement was. Printf). one of its specialties is lining up columns of data.
Here too, the parentheses are necessary if any. For example. $ awk 'BEGIN !
The output for a string value is. If - -lint is provided on the. Options), gawk. warns about this.
Here are the possible modifiers, in the order in. N$An integer constant followed by a . These are not valid in awk. If - -posix is supplied, their use is a fatal error. However, mixing the operators. As mentioned earlier. Getline Notes). awk implementations limit the number of pipelines that an awk.
It represents the. This generally has the same effect, but not always: although the. However, because BWK awk. Options). However, those names are more self- explanatory. For example, if you open a pipe with this.
For example, consider something like this. In addition, gawk sets ERRNO.
Each. expression is separated by the value of OFS and terminated by. ORS. This section describes the elementary objects. This equals 9 in decimal. Because the everyday decimal. European locales often use either a space or a period as. Some of these. features have not been described yet.
This result is subtracted from x. The following. relation always holds. One possibly undesirable effect of this definition of remainder is that. After executing the following code, the value of foo is five. Reality is frequently inaccurate.— Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. Unlike in other programming languages, in awk variables do not have a. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending.
In the following program. BEGIN . This depends upon the attributes of the operands, according to the.
In contrast, the eight characters. In the latter case, the value of the expression as a string is used as a.
Regexp Usage; also. Computed Regexps). This is the order in which. Locales). For example, the following.
The next rule prints lines as long as. Such local variables act like the.
User- defined). We defer discussion of. Indirect Calls. A number of built- in. Numeric values are converted as if they were. CONVFMT. Otherwise, the value is false. It matches when the text of the. Thus, as a pattern, /li/. If the record satisfies both conditions, then the action is.
Such a program. looks like this. Likewise, an END rule is executed once only, after all the. It contains the number of fields from the last input record. In. this case, your program can execute the nextfile statement. Nextfile Statement). This makes sense only if all the initial values.
Incrementing additional. Changing a for statement to a while.
Case statements. are checked for a match in the order they are defined. The type of constant. Once a match to a given.
For example. while ((c = getopt(ARGC, ARGV, . In this example, the. It skips to the end of the body of this implicit loop and. See BEGINFILE/ENDFILE.
An exception to this is. END rule; in this case, it causes the program to stop immediately. See Built- in Variables.). With gawk, nextfile is useful inside a BEGINFILE. In this case, ENDFILE rules are not. See BEGINFILE/ENDFILE.
In September 2. 01. POSIX standard. POSIX awk does not. FS is the null string. An easy way to do this. This enables checking if the file is readable. BEGINFILE pattern (see BEGINFILE/ENDFILE). N is the number of.
Andrew Schorr. points out that it effectively gives awk data pointers. Consider his. # Indirect multiply of any variable by amount, return result. Unless - -posix has.
ARGV for the awk program to deal with. Statements. are built up from expressions, control statements, compound statements. When executed. from an action (or function body), it transfers control to the. END statements. From an END statement body, it exits.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1. Fifth Edition)1 Introduction.
Extensible Markup Language, abbreviated XML, describes a class of data. XML documents and partially. XML is an. application profile or restricted form of SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup. Language . By construction, XML documents are conforming. SGML documents. XML documents are made up of storage units called entities. Parsed data is made up of characters, some of which form character.
XML provides a mechanism to impose constraints on the storage layout. It was chaired by Jon Bosak of Sun Microsystems with the active. XML Special Interest Group (previously known as the SGML. Working Group) also organized by the W3. C. The membership of the XML Working. Group is given in an appendix.
Dan Connolly served as the Working Group's contact with. W3. C. The design goals for XML are: XML shall be straightforwardly usable over the Internet. XML shall support a wide variety of applications.
XML shall be compatible with SGML. It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents.
The number of optional features in XML is to be kept to the absolute. XML documents should be human- legible and reasonably clear.
The XML design should be prepared quickly. The design of XML shall be formal and concise. XML documents shall be easy to create.
Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance. This specification, together with associated standards (Unicode . The key words MUST, MUST NOT. REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT.
SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED. MAY, and OPTIONAL, when EMPHASIZED. In addition, the terms defined. XML processor: error.
Unless otherwise specified, failure to observe a prescription of this specification indicated by one of the keywords MUST, REQUIRED, MUST NOT, SHALL and SHALL NOT is an error. Once a fatal error is detected, however, the processor. MUST NOT continue normal processing (i. MUST NOT continue to pass character.
Violations of validity. MUST, at user option, be reported by validating XML processors. Violations. of well- formedness constraints are fatal errors. Characters with multiple possible. ISO/IEC 1. 06. 46 (e. No. case folding is performed. In addition, the XML document is.
Physically. the document is composed of units called entities. A document begins in a . Logically, the document. The logical and physical structures MUST nest properly, as described.
Well- Formed Parsed Entities. Well- Formed XML Documents.
More simply stated, the elements. P. is referred to as the parent of C, and C as. P. Legal characters are tab, carriage. Unicode and ISO/IEC 1. The. versions of these standards cited in A.
Normative References were. New characters may be added. Consequently, XML processors. MUST accept any character in the range specified for Char. All XML processors MUST accept the UTF- 8 and UTF- 1. Unicode . The characters defined in the following ranges are also.
They are either control characters or permanently undefined Unicode. The only way to get a #x. D character to match this production is to. An Nmtoken (name token) is any mixture of name. Therefore, authors should not use the. XML names except for namespace purposes, but XML processors must.
The first character of a Name. MUST be a Name. Start. Char, and any. other characters MUST be Name. Chars; this mechanism is used to.
European (ASCII) digits or with. Almost all characters are permitted in. The intention is to be inclusive rather than exclusive. Unicode can be used in. XML names. See J Suggestions for XML Names for suggestions on the creation of. Document authors are encouraged to use names which are.
Note that. COLON, HYPHEN- MINUS, FULL STOP (period), LOW LINE (underscore), and. MIDDLE DOT are explicitly permitted. The ASCII symbols and punctuation marks, along with a fairly. Unicode symbol characters, are excluded from names. XML. names are used outside XML documents; providing this group gives. XML name. The character #x. E, GREEK QUESTION MARK, is excluded.
Names and Tokens. Literals are used for specifying the content. Entity. Value), the values. Att. Value), and external identifiers.
System. Literal). Note that a System. Literal. can be parsed without scanning for markup. Literals. The right angle bracket (> ) may be represented using the string . In a CDATA section. CDATA- section- close.
They are not part of the document's character. XML processor MAY, but need not, make it possible for an. For. compatibility, the string . The. following example is not well- formed.
Processing Instructions. The PI begins. with a target (PITarget) used to identify the application.
The XML Notation mechanism. PI targets. Parameter. MUST NOT be recognized within processing instructions. CDATA Sections. . CDATA sections cannot nest.
An example of a CDATA section, in which . XML provides a mechanism, the. This. grammar is known as a document type definition, or DTD.
The document. type declaration can point to an external subset (a special kind of external entity) containing markup declarations. The DTD for a document consists of both subsets taken together. For further. information, see 4 Physical Structures. Document Type Definition. Note. that it is possible to construct a well- formed document containing a doctypedecl.
The markup declarations may be made up in whole or in part of the replacement text of parameter. The productions later in this specification for individual. Attlist. Decl. and so on) describe the declarations after all the parameter.
Parameter. entity references are recognized anywhere in the DTD (internal and external. Conditional Sections). The use of parameter entities.
Validity constraint: Root Element Type. The Name. in the document type declaration MUST match the element type of the root element. Validity constraint: Proper Declaration/PE Nesting. Parameter- entity replacement text. MUST be properly nested with markup declarations. That is to say, if either. MUST be contained in the same replacement text.
Well- formedness constraint: PEs in Internal Subset. In. the internal DTD subset, parameter- entity references. MUST NOT occur within markup declarations; they may occur where markup declarations can occur.
However, portions of. External Subset. The external subset and external parameter entities also differ from the. An example of an XML document with a document type declaration: < ? The standalone document declaration. XML declaration, signals whether or. Note that the standalone document declaration only denotes. If there are no external markup declarations, the standalone document declaration.
If there are external markup declarations but there is no. Such white space is typically. In valid documents, this. MUST be declared. When declared, it MUST be given as an enumerated. This. declared intent is considered to apply to all elements within the content.
This specification does not give meaning to any value of xml: space other than . It is an error for other values to be specified; the XML processor MAY report the error or MAY recover by ignoring the attribute specification or by reporting the (erroneous) value to the application. Applications may ignore or reject erroneous values. The root element of any document is considered.
End- of- Line Handling. XML parsed entities are often stored. A special attribute. XML document. The.
Philosophie,< /l>. Juristerei, und Medizin< /l>. Theologie< /l>. In particular, the empty value of xml: lang is used on an element B to override.
A, without specifying another language. Within B. it is considered that there is no language information available, just as if xml: lang had not been specified. B or any of its ancestors.
Applications determine which of an element's attribute values. Note: Language information may also be provided by external transport protocols (e. When available, this information may be used by XML applications, but the more local. In a collection. of French poems for English students, with glosses and notes in English, the xml: lang.
ATTLIST poem xml: lang CDATA 'fr'>. ATTLIST gloss xml: lang CDATA 'en'>. ATTLIST note xml: lang CDATA 'en'> 3 Logical Structures. Note that a CDATA section containing. S, and. hence cannot appear in these positions; however, a.
S, since its. replacement text is the white space resulting from expansion of the character. The declaration matches Mixed, and the content. CDATA sections). comments, PIs and child elements whose types match names in the. The declaration matches ANY, and the content (after replacing. CDATA. sections, comments, PIs.
Start- Tags, End- Tags, and Empty- Element Tags. SHOULD. be used, and SHOULD only be used, for elements which are declared.
EMPTY. Examples of empty elements: < IMG align=. At user. option, an XML processor MAY issue a warning when a declaration mentions an. Any content. particle in a choice list may appear in the element. MUST each appear in the element content in the order given in the list. The. absence of such an operator means that the element or content particle MUST.
This syntax and meaning are identical to those used in. The content of an element matches a content model if and only if it is. For. compatibility, it is an error if the content model. For more information, see E Deterministic Content Models. Validity constraint: Proper Group/PE Nesting.
Parameter- entity replacement text. MUST be properly nested with parenthesized. That is to say, if either of the opening or closing parentheses in. Mixed. construct is contained in the replacement text for a parameter. MUST be contained in the same replacement text.
For interoperability, if a parameter- entity reference. Mixed construct, its replacement text SHOULD contain at. SHOULD be a connector (. The. keyword #PCDATA derives historically from the term . Attribute specifications. MUST NOT appear outside of start- tags and empty- element tags; thus, the productions used to.
Start- Tags, End- Tags, and Empty- Element Tags. Attribute- list declarations. To define the set of attributes pertaining to a given element type. To establish type constraints for these attributes.
To provide default values for.